Discussion:
coronel cubano Renán Montero, quien dirigió la Dirección Quinta hasta que los sandinistas perdieron el poder.
(demasiado antiguo para responder)
pedro martori
2004-04-25 06:33:04 UTC
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Nicaragua

Documentos para la historia
Jorge Massetti, ex agente cubano: Gorriarán disparó a “Bravo” en la cabeza

Lenín Cerna, desde el consulado de Nicaragua en Tegucigalpa, armó a los ejecutores de Pablo Salazar (“Comandante Bravo”) con una subametralladora, una pistola con silenciador y cuatro granadas. Luego, en una casa de la Carretera Sur, en Managua, planificaron la muerte de Anastasio Somoza Debayle. Massetti explica cómo la Seguridad Sandinista fue creada a copia y semejanza de la Seguridad del Estado cubana

Una foto del “Comandante Bravo” publicada por los periódicos cuando los sandinistas lo mataron en Honduras. (Derecha) Enrique Gorriarán Merlo. LA PRENSA/ARCHIVO.



Eduardo Marenco
Enviado Especial
***@laprensa.com.ni

Primera entrega.- MIAMI. Jorge Massetti, ex agente de los servicios cubanos de inteligencia, conoce de primera mano muchos secretos de la conformación y funcionamiento de la Dirección Quinta (D-V) de la Seguridad del Estado Sandinista.

Massetti, de hecho, fue uno de los primeros integrantes del primer “semillero” de argentinos a cargo del coronel cubano Renán Montero, quien dirigió la Dirección Quinta hasta que los sandinistas perdieron el poder.

Casado con Ileana de la Guardia, Massetti rompió con los servicios cubanos en 1989, cuando su suegro Tony de la Guardia fue fusilado en La Habana tras ser condenado a pena de muerte por un Tribunal Militar Especial.

Desde su apartamento en Miami, Massetti conversó con LA PRENSA sobre sus experiencias en el servicio de inteligencia sandinista, y revela las interioridades de la operación para “ajusticiar” en Honduras al “Comandante Bravo” (Pablo Salazar), principal lugarteniente del dictador Anastasio Somoza Debayle.

Massetti cuenta cómo ésta fue la primera operación de inteligencia a cargo de Renán Montero, Lenín Cerna y el argentino Enrique Gorriarán Merlo.

— Jorge, usted formó parte del grupo de guerrilleros argentinos que integró el Frente Sur durante la insurrección para derrocar a Somoza. ¿Cómo se estructuró esta columna guerrillera y qué papel jugaron sus integrantes?

En ese momento éramos un grupo que estábamos en el exilio, en Europa. Ya nuestra organización, el Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP), había sido derrotada en Argentina, atravesábamos un momento de división interna y decidimos irnos a combatir a Nicaragua.

Por otro lado, el Frente Sandinista nos hace saber que necesitaba a algunos que hubiéramos pasado cursos con cierta capacidad organizativa en lo militar, y así fuimos seis argentinos del ERP a Nicaragua: Enrique Gorriarán Merlo, Hugo Alfredo Irurzún, alias “Capitán Santiago”, “El Vasco Manuel”, cuyo verdadero nombre es Eduardo Berestein; “El Gato”, “El Gordo” Sánchez y yo. Había dos argentinos más que habían llegado por su lado, uno que no conozco su nombre y otro a quien le decíamos “Negro Hugo”, pero no eran del ERP.

Habíamos llegado a fines de mayo de 1979, poco antes del triunfo de la revolución. El “Capitán Santiago” y “El Gato” trabajaron en artillería; Gorriarán se quedó en la retaguardia con el Estado Mayor, y “El Vasco Manuel” trabajaba en armamento y almacenamiento. “El Gordo” Sánchez estaba en transporte y yo estaba en escuadras de asalto, bajo el mando de Javier Pichardo.

El 19 de julio abordamos camiones en Sapoá para llegar a Managua el 20 de julio. Nos habíamos enfrentado a las fuerzas del “Comandante Bravo” y nos habían bombardeado los push and pull, y desde helicópteros nos tiraban tanques de fósforo vivo. Para la experiencia que habíamos tenido anteriormente, fue para nosotros bastante duro el bombardeo, y nos hacía mucho daño la artillería también.

— ¿Qué ocurre con este grupo de argentinos cuando triunfa la revolución sandinista? ¿Qué funciones les asignan?

Cuando triunfa la revolución nos acuartelan en lo que llamaban El Búnker, en la Loma de Tiscapa, y estábamos muy bien, aunque sin saber qué hacer. Entonces nos juntamos los seis argentinos que habíamos estado separados durante la guerra y empezamos a discutir qué hacer. Hasta que hacemos contacto con los cubanos Tony de la Guardia y Renán Montero para empezar a trabajar orgánicamente en las estructuras sandinistas después del triunfo.

El que nos introduce es Renán Montero, quien en ese momento estaba trabajando como jefe del G-2, luego lo cambiaron y pasa a la inteligencia, a lo que después llamaron la Dirección Quinta de la Seguridad del Estado. Ahí empezamos a trabajar solamente “El Vasco Manuel”, Gorriarán Merlo y yo. Es entonces cuando llega la información para hacer la operación del “Comandante Bravo” en Honduras.

— ¿Cómo se enteran de la operación para “ajusticiar” al “Comandante Bravo” en Honduras? ¿Cómo se planifica y quién la organiza?

El primero de los argentinos que se va a la inteligencia de la Seguridad del Estado, fui yo. Gorriarán se va a operaciones de la Seguridad del Estado, como interrogador. Entonces, durante una visita que le hago a Gorriarán, me comenta que la ex amante del “Comandante Bravo” cayó presa, pero está dispuesta a colaborar, que le avise a Renán porque nos puede dar la ubicación del “Comandante Bravo” en el exterior.

Yo me fui a ver a Renán y, efectivamente, el caso era de interés. Gorriarán la sigue trabajando, incluso ella de inmediato se convierte en la amante de Gorriarán, es la misma persona que está con él cuando cae preso después en México, a mediados de los noventa.

Entonces, ella pone como condición que se olviden las delaciones que ha cometido en la época de la Guardia, por lo cual ella había caído presa, porque a ella la denuncian como “sapa” (informadora) y por eso había caído presa al triunfo de la revolución. También pide una casa en León para que viva su madre y una suma de dinero que no recuerdo ni supe el monto. Pero a la vez, ella se convierte en la amante de Gorriarán Merlo, y entonces a partir de allí es que se monta la trampa para matar al “Comandante Bravo” en Tegucigalpa.

— ¿Quiénes y cómo organizan la operación para “ajusticiar” al “Comandante Bravo”?

La organiza Renán Montero, a cargo de la inteligencia y de lo que sería después la Dirección Quinta de la Seguridad del Estado. Ella tenía el contacto telefónico con “Bravo”, y en uno de estos contactos ya controlados por la Seguridad Sandinista, por Renán y “El Pelao” Gorriarán, él le plantea que salga para El Salvador u Honduras, que alquile una casa y que una vez lo haya hecho él llegará a verla.

Salen Gorriarán y ella en vehículo hasta Panamá, ahí cambian de documentación para portar documentación falsa, y se van para Honduras. Los acompaña “El Gato”, uno de los seis argentinos.

Además, cuando surge lo de “Bravo” se nos llama a los seis argentinos para integrar la inteligencia. Se deja de estar en operaciones de seguridad del Estado o artillería y se nos concentra en una casa que estaba en la primera entrada a Las Colinas.

Ahí nos concentramos, se nos prepara documentación falsa para todos, y a la hora de salir se nos dice que es innecesario que viajemos todos, porque “Bravo” tenía dos posibilidades: llegaba solo o llegaba con escoltas. Teníamos a nuestro favor el factor sorpresa, iban a llegar a un lugar a donde pensaban que no habría nadie de peligro, por lo que sería muy fácil neutralizarlos.

La operación fue muy improvisada, era octubre de 1979, todavía no hay muchos recursos para operar. De modo que “El Gato” viaja por su parte, alquilan una casa en Tegucigalpa, va armado con una subametralladora, y Gorriarán con una pistola 22 con silenciador que previamente les ha entregado Lenín Cerna, que en ese momento trabajaba en el Consulado de Nicaragua en Honduras. A raíz de esto es que él es expulsado. Lenín Cerna les entrega la subametralladora, la pistola con silenciador y cuatro granadas.

La operación es muy sencilla porque “Bravo” llega solo a la casa. “El Gato” está parapetado en la parte de afuera de la casa, en un patiecito, y Gorriarán está oculto en una segunda pared. Cuando el hombre toca la puerta la mujer lo recibe como si fuera la amante, lo hace pasar, y “El Pelao” le pone la pistola en la cabeza y le da el tiro. Luego, lo arrastran, lo meten debajo de la cama y se van tranquilos. Pasaron varios días para que encontraran el cadáver de “Bravo” en Tegucigalpa.

— ¿Ésta es la primera operación de envergadura de la inteligencia sandinista?

Yo diría que de envergadura y no de envergadura. Es decir, es la primera operación montada con mucha improvisación por la falta de recursos.

— ¿Por qué desde entonces Renán Montero se perfila como jefe de la inteligencia sandinista y particularmente de la Dirección Quinta de la Seguridad del Estado? ¿Quién es Renán Montero?

Renán Montero era un oficial cubano, había estado en la primera experiencia de Carlos Fonseca en Nicaragua, incluso sale con una herida en la cabeza. O sea, que tenía un vínculo con los sandinistas desde comienzos de los años sesenta, después del triunfo de la revolución cubana en 1959.

Luego, es el hombre al que el “Che” Guevara le llama “Iván” en su diario, que es el enlace entre la guerrilla en el monte y las estructuras urbanas de la guerrilla en La Paz, Bolivia, era el contacto con Cuba. Es el hombre al que después se acusa de haber abandonado al “Che”, porque se retira por órdenes de Cuba hacia Francia y deja al “Che” sin comunicaciones en 1967.

Luego, es el director de las escuelas especiales para los extranjeros en Cuba, por lo que desde ahí tenía muchos contactos con movimientos guerrilleros. La última vez que conozco de él, antes de la victoria sandinista, él está trabajando en la oficina comercial cubana en San José, Costa Rica. Desde ahí, apoyaba a los sandinistas.

— ¿Es decir, fue un enviado especial del gobierno cubano para asesorar a los sandinistas?

Claro, especialmente en el área de inteligencia donde todavía el Frente no tiene experiencia. Ellos le dan una forma legal: lo nacionalizan nicaragüense por haber estado en Nicaragua con Carlos Fonseca. Él también estuvo en el Frente Sur, donde se dedica a organizar la contrainteligencia, llamada Policía Sandinista, organizada para evitar la penetración de la Guardia Nacional al Frente Sur.

En ese momento Tony de la Guardia se ocupa del apoyo logístico, garantizando la llegada de armamento, el que venía vía Panamá, otro de Cuba y Venezuela. Sin embargo, no hay relación de subordinación entre ellos. Tony se va inmediatamente después del triunfo sandinista. Renán Montero era un oficial de las tropas especiales y de inteligencia del MININT cubano”.

— ¿Bajo qué concepción se crea la Seguridad del Estado Sandinista?

A copia y semejanza de lo que fue la Seguridad del Estado cubana. Incluso la inteligencia es lo mismo como era al principio la inteligencia cubana. Se apoya mucho en el movimiento guerrillero latinoamericano, en el acceso a la información. También es desde la inteligencia que se le da el apoyo principal al movimiento revolucionario latinoamericano, o sea, que es una copia idéntica a la de los sistemas cubanos.

A Gorriarán Merlo lo hacen jefe de operaciones especiales dentro de la inteligencia. Entonces, así es que se empieza a pensar ya en el ajusticiamiento de Somoza. Para esto, otros argentinos van llegando después del triunfo y nos dan una casa en el kilómetro ocho y medio de la Carretera Sur, donde estuvo el Taller Alvarado (donde luego se encontraría un buzón de armas en los noventa). Nos dan esa casa en noviembre de 1979, y ahí se empieza a conocer la operación de Somoza, que es conocida únicamente por el grupo original de argentinos.

— ¿En qué consistía el entrenamiento en lo que después sería la Dirección Quinta de la Seguridad del Estado?

Recibíamos cursos de métodos conspirativos, defensa personal, prácticas de tiro, y vivíamos dentro de la casa como si fuera un cuartel. Yo me voy antes que terminemos la instrucción para la operación contra Somoza, porque surgen diferencias políticas con Gorriarán en el seno del grupo. Yo prefiero renunciar de la inteligencia porque sabía que esas diferencias políticas podían afectar el trabajo operativo que teníamos que realizar.

— ¿Cuáles son las diferencias que se dan con Gorriarán Merlo?

Yo diría que sobre todo metodológicas. A partir de la llegada a Nicaragua, Gorriarán asume el mando como una dirección única, nosotros teníamos dentro de la organización del ERP una estructura de dirección colectiva, y, además, Gorriarán tenía métodos muy autoritarios de dirección, llegando incluso al colmo, al tener cierto poder ya en Nicaragua, de llamar a discutir a compañeros que vivían en Europa, y si no tenían su misma posición se les acusaba de agentes enemigos y se les expulsaba de Nicaragua con un rigor bastante fuerte. Tanto “El Vasco Manuel” como yo nos abrimos de este grupo.

Lea también:

El “ajusticiamiento” de Somoza.






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Donantes temen polarización

Tres mil soldados vigilarán elecciones

Supuestas presiones EE.UU. en crisis PC

Piero asegura que coincide con planteamiento del FSLN

CSE y LA PRENSA suscriben contrato

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Fallarán caso Jarquín en diez días

Testimonio de un protagonista: Las últimas horas de Somoza

El FSLN dictó el comunicado sobre rendición de la GN

Jorge Massetti, ex agente cubano: Gorriarán disparó a “Bravo” en la cabeza

El “ajusticiamiento” de Somoza












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pedro martori
2004-04-25 06:38:22 UTC
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Cuba







CASTRO AND TERRORISM A CHRONOLOGY
by Eugene Pons, with a foreword by Jaime Suchlicki

Institute for Cuban & Cuban-American Studies Occasional Paper Series September 2001
"Iran and Cuba, in cooperation with each other, can bring America to its knees. The U.S. regime is very weak, and we are witnessing this weakness from close up."

Fidel Castro, during his tour of Iran, Syria and Libya. Agence France Press, May 10, 2001

OPS Advisory Board
Luis Aguilar León, Institute for Cuban & Cuban-American Studies
Graciella Cruz-Taura, Florida Atlantic University
José Manuel Hernández, Georgetown University (Emeritus)
Irving Louis Horowitz, Rutgers University
Antonio Jorge, Florida International University
Armando Lago, Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy
Lesbia Orta Varona, University of Miami
Jaime Suchlicki, Director Institute for Cuban & Cuban-American Studies

FOREWORD
Since 1948 when, as a young student, Fidel Castro participated in the violence that rocked Colombian society and distributed anti-U.S. propaganda, he has been guided by two objectives: a commitment to violence and a virulent anti-Americanism. His struggle since and his forty-two years rule in Cuba have been characterized primarily by these goals.

In the 1960's Castro and his brother, Raul, believed that the political and economic conditions that produced their revolution existed in Latin America and that anti-American revolutions would occur throughout the continent. Cuban agents and diplomats established contact with revolutionary, terrorist and guerrilla groups in the area and began distributing propaganda, weapons and aid. Many Latin Americans were brought to Cuba for training and then returned to their countries.

At the Tricontinental Conference held in Havana in 1966 and attended by revolutionary leaders from throughout the world, Castro insisted that bullets not ballots was the way to achieve power and provided the institutional means to promote his anti-American, violent line. He insisted that "conditions exist for an armed revolutionary struggle" and criticized those who opposed armed struggle, including some Communist leaders in Latin America, as "traitorous, rightists, and deviationists."

Castro's attempts in the 1960's to bring revolutionary, anti-American regimes to power failed. His support for guerrillas and terrorist groups in Guatemala, Venezuela, and Bolivia only produced violence and suffering to those countries and their people, which repudiated violence as a means to achieve power. Violence resulted in military regimes coming to power in several Latin American countries

For the next two decades, the Cuban leadership, supported by the Soviet Union, modified its tactics. In addition to agents from the America Department, the subversive arm of Cuba's Communist Party, Castro used his Armed Forces to help friendly groups achieve power in Latin America and Africa. In Nicaragua Cuban military personnel, weapons and intelligence supported and helped bring to power the Sandinistas. In El Salvador, a bloody civil war in part fomented and aided by Cuba, ended in a stalemate and a negotiated peace. In Africa, Castro achieved his most significant victories. The Soviet-Cuban backed Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) faction was installed in power in Angola and other Cuban supported regimes came to power throughout the continent. The Cuban military also trained and supplied the South-West African Peoples Organization (SWAPO) and the African National Congress (ANC), forces fighting the South African regime.

Castro also became involved with African-Americans in the U.S. and with the Macheteros, a Puerto Rican terrorist group. Cuba focused particular attention on the black struggle in the U.S., providing aid and training to the Black Panthers and the Black Liberation Army, as well as a safehaven on the island for black leaders. Castro continuously promoted the independence of Puerto Rico and supported the Macheteros who committed terrorist acts and bank robberies in the United States. Several still live in Cuba.

Cuban military and intelligence personnel aided Middle Eastern groups and regimes in their struggle against Israel, and Cuban troops fought on the side of Arab States, particularly Syria, during the Yom Kippur war. Castro sent military instructors and advisors into Palestinian bases; cooperated with Libya in the founding of World Mathaba, a terrorist movement; and established close military cooperation and exchanges with Iraq, Libya, Southern Yemen, the Polisario Front for the Liberation of Western Sahara, the PLO and others in the Middle East.

Despite the collapse of the Soviet Union, Castro continues to undermine U.S. policies in the Middle East in several ways: a) by portraying U.S. actions and diplomacy in the region as those of an aggressor, seeking to impose hegemony by force, particularly in Iraq and the perpetration of unjustified economic sanctions on Iraq and Iran; b) by portraying the U.S. as the main obstacle to a peaceful settlement of the Israel/Arab conflict; and c) by discrediting U.S. policies and seeking support for Cuba at the U.N. These anti-American views and policies are conveyed as a systematic message through a network of Cuban embassies and agents, as well as at the U.N. and other non-governmental political, religious and cultural organizations.

While not abandoning his close relationships in the Middle East, Castro has recently concentrated his support on several groups: the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC), where Castro, and his new ally Hugo Chavez of Venezuela, see significant possibilities for success; ETA, the Basque terrorist/separatist organization from Spain, which has found refuge and support in Cuba, and the Irish Republican Army (IRA), which established its Latin American headquarters in Havana.

American policymakers should pay careful attention to the intricate web of relationships which emerges so clearly from this chronology. It carefully details Castro's involvement with and support for terrorist regimes and organizations during the past four decades. Cuba's geographical location, Castro's continuous connections with these groups and states and the harboring of terrorists in Havana creates a dynamic that requires vigilance and alertness. It should be emphasized that in addition to violence and terrorism, Castro and his regime, have been for more than four decades, the most vocal and active proponents of anti-Americanism. The often-repeated view in many countries that the United States is an evil power, guilty for much of the problems and sufferings of the developing world, is owed in great part to the propaganda efforts of Fidel Castro.

Jaime Suchlicki Director Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies September 2001

Castro and Terrorism A Chronology By Eugene Pons
1959-1967

Raúl Castro and Che Guevara visited Cairo and established contacts with African liberation movements stationed in and supported by Cairo. Both Cuban leaders visited Gaza and expressed support for the Palestinian cause.

Members of the Dominican Republic "Agrupación Política Catorce de Junio" received military training in Cuba.

Major emphasis was placed on instructing several hundred pro-Castro Latin Americans in violence and guerrilla warfare. Dominicans, Guatemalans, Venezuelans and Chileans were trained in special camps in Cuba and infiltrated back to their countries.

Castro established relations with the Algerian FLN; official and public support was extended, weapons were shipped to the FLN through Morocco (1960-1961). Cuba provided shelter, medical and educational services and cooperation in the fields of counter-intelligence and intelligence.

African leaders from Congo, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, South Africa, Spanish Guinea, Tanganyika and Zanzibar arrived in Cuba for military training.

Che Guevara engaged in guerrilla operations in Congo-Kinshasa (former Zaire) in 1965.

A revolutionary trained in Cuba, John Okello, overthrew the pro-Western government in Zanzibar in 1964 and proclaimed the "People's Republic of Zanzibar" which was promptly recognized by Cuba and the Soviet Union.

Conference of Latin American Communist Parties held in Havana agreed to "help actively the guerrilla forces in Venezuela, Guatemala, Paraguay, Colombia, Honduras and Haiti".

Group of Venezuelans, members of the Movimiento de la Izquierda Revolucionaria (MIR), trained in Cuba and landed in the Venezuela coast in the State of Miranda.

Cuban trained Guatemalans Cesar Montes and Luis Turcios Lima led a violent terrorist/guerrilla campaign against the government in Guatemala. Montes organized the Ejercito Guerrillero de los Pobres (EGP) in Guatemala. In the 1980's he joined the FMLN in El Salvador and participated actively in the bloody civil war in that country.

Cuba welcomed the founding of the PLO. First contacts with Palestinian FATAH in 1965 in Algiers and Damascus.

The Tricontinental Conference was held in Havana in January, 1966 to adopt a common political strategy against colonialism, neocolonialism, and imperialism. Cuba provided the organizational structure to support terrorist, anti-American groups in the Middle East and Latin America. The Organization for the Solidarity with the Peoples of Africa, Asia and Latin America (OSPAAL) was created.

Fidel Castro created The National Liberation Directorate (DLN) in Cuba to support revolutionary groups throughout the world. DLN was responsible for planning and coordinating Cuba's terrorist training camps in the island, covert movement of personnel and military supplies from Cuba and a propaganda apparatus.

A Cuban controlled Latin American Solidarity Organization (LASO), with its permanent seat in Havana was created to "coordinate and foment the fight against North American imperialism".

In Venezuela, Castro made a relentless and determined effort to create another Cuba by supporting the Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional (FALN) and promoting violence and terrorism against the democratically elected regime of Rómulo Betancourt.

Castro sent weapons via Cairo, to the NLF in Southern Yemen. Cuban agents were sent on fact-finding missions to North and South Yemen (1967- 1968).

Cuba published a small book by French Marxist journalist Regis Debray Revolution in the Revolution, promoting guerrilla warfare in Latin America. The book was translated into various languages and distributed widely.

Cuban supported guerrillas led by Che Guevara moved into Bolivia in an attempt to create "many Vietnams " in South America.

Cuba and Syria developed a close alliance and supported FATAH and the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF).

1968-1975

Cuba continued its military and political support for FATAH after the Syrians broke with the latter, and Cuban military, political and intelligence support was granted to other Palestinian organizations.

Castro sent military instructors and advisors into Palestinian bases in Jordan to train Palestinian Fedayeen (1968); first high-level delegation from FATAH-PLO visited Cuba (1970).

Several missions sent to Southern Yemen to support NLF/FATAH Ismail both politically and militarily.

Castro began supporting and training of M19, a Colombian guerrilla group that captured the Dominican Embassy and the Justice building in Bogota and assassinated several prominent Colombian judges.

In 1970 a "Mini Manual for Revolutionaries" was published in the official LASO publication Tricontinental, written by Brazilian urban terrorist leader Carlos Marighella. The mini manual gives precise instruction in terror tactics, kidnappings, etc. The short book was translated into numerous languages and distributed worldwide by Cuba.

Cuba commenced political and military cooperation with Somalia's Siad Barre (1969).

Economic and political cooperation began with Libya in 1974.

In 1974 the National Liberation Directorate (DLN) was reorganized into the America Department (DA) under the Communist Party of Cuba Central Committee. The DA centralized control over Cuban activities for supporting national liberation movements. The DA was responsible for planning and coordinating Cuba's secret guerrilla and terrorist training camps, networks for the covert movement of personnel and material from Cuba, and a propaganda apparatus. DA agents also operated in Europe and other regions. Trusted Castro ally Manuel Piñeiro, " Barbaroja" was placed in charge.

Cuba provided training and support to the Tupamaros, a terrorist group operating in Uruguay.

Cuba's America Department (DA) set up a network for the funneling of weapons and supplies to the Sandinistas in Nicaragua.

In 1979 second in command in Cuba's America Department (DA) Armando Ulises Estrada, helped unify Sandinista factions fighting Somoza.

Closer connections with FATAH-PLO and other Palestinian organizations were reinforced, including training of Latin American guerrillas in Lebanon; Cuba's military support included counter-intelligence and intelligence training.

Arafat visited Cuba in 1974.

Cuba provided military support and personnel to Syria during the Yom Kippur War (1973-1975).

Black Panther Party members from the U.S. were trained in Canada by Cuban personnel. Black Panther leaders and other U.S. blacks also received weapons and explosives training in Havana.

Cuba joined with Algeria and Libya on a diplomatic/political offensive in support of Frente POLISARIO (People's Front for the Liberation of Western Sahara and Río del Oro); later on provided military cooperation, and medical services.

1976-1982

The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) estimated that there were 300 Palestinians training in Cuban camps.

Cuba supported the so-called "Steadfastness Front" against the U.S. backed Camp David accord.

Illich Rámirez Sánchez, known as "Carlos, the Jackal", responsible for numerous terrorist acts in Europe, trained in Cuba. He attended the 1966 Tricontinental Conference in Havana and later trained in urban guerrilla tactics, automatic weapons, explosives and sabotage in Cuba.

Abu Iyad, a close aid to Yasser Arafat, stated in 1978 that hundreds of Palestinian had been sent to Cuban terrorist camps.

Additional military and political support provided to the Palestinian cause; Arafat attended the Sixth Non-Aligned Conference in Havana (1979).

During Havana visit, Arafat signed agreement for military cooperation and arms supply.

Significant hard currency loans (tens of million) were facilitated by Arafat-PLO to the Cuban government under very soft terms; Cuba granted diplomatic and political support to Arafat during the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon.

The Aden (South Yemen) regime supported the Ethiopian radical officers commanded by Mengistu Haile Mariam, sending Yemeni military units in support of the latter against Somali aggression, and asking the Cubans to do the same. Cuba joined in, first with a group of officers headed by General Arnaldo Ochoa, a move that was followed later on by the deployment of large Cuban forces against the Somali invasion. Also as part of the alliance with the Aden regime, Cuba granted some small-scale support to the Dhofaris in their armed struggle against the monarchy in Oman.

The Cuban trained Congolese National Liberation Front invaded Shala, Zaire.

As part of Cuba's alliance with Mengistu Haile Mariam's regime in Ethiopia, the Cuban leadership decided to engage in active political and military support of the Liberation Movement of Southern Sudan headed by John Garang against the Arab-Muslim regime in Khartoum.

Cuba developed closer ties with and sent military advisors to Iraq.

Cuba's America Department (DA) operated a weapons pipeline to the Farabundo Martí National Front (FMLN) a terrorist group attempting to gain power in El Salvador.

Cuba cooperated with Libya in the political founding of the World MATHABA in Tripoli, to provide political support and coordinate revolutionary violence throughout the world. Cuba supported Libya's stand on Chad and the FRENTE POLISARIO.

Cuban trained terrorists members of the Guatemalan EGP kidnapped a businessman in Guatemala. Several were arrested in Mexico when attempting to collect ransom.

Despite its close links with Baghdad, Cuba recognized and praised the Iranian Revolution. Once Iraq attacked Iran, Castro withdrew his military advisors from Baghdad and adopted a position of official impartiality, though more sympathetic to Baghdad, due to his past relations.

1983-1990

Argentine born Cuban intelligence agent Jorge Massetti helped funnel Cuban funds to finance Puerto Rican terrorists belonging to the Machetero group. The Macheteros highjacked a Wells Fargo truck in Connecticut in September 1983 and stole $7.2 million.

Cuba's America Department (DA) provided, thru Jorge Massetti, weapons and several thousand dollars to the Chilean MIR.

Libyan support to Latin American revolutionary movements, especially in Central America and the whole of the World MATHABA project, declined after the U.S.bombing of Tripoli in 1986.

Cuban agents in Mexico engaged in bank robberies to finance several terrorist groups from Latin America operating out of Mexico.

The Palestinian Intifada increased Cuba's support for Arafat and the PLO, both diplomatic and military.

Several dozen Mexicans received training in terrorism and guerrilla warfare in Sierra del Rosario, Pinar del Rio Province and in Guanabo, in eastern Cuba.

After the negotiations leading to the establishment of the Palestinian National Authority, Cuban-Palestinian military cooperation was enhanced, including the areas of counter-intelligence and intelligence.

In early 1989, Cuban General Patricio de la Guardia directed a plot in Havana and charged Jorge Massetti with blowing up the U.S. transmission balloon of TV Martí located in the Florida Keys.

Cuba condemned Iraq for its invasion and annexation of Kuwait, supporting the latter's sovereignty; it also condemned U.S. military operations in the Gulf and abstained at the U.N. from supporting the bulk of the sanctions imposed on Baghdad. A Cuban military delegation was sent to Iraq to learn and share what was considered vital information and experiences from U.S. combat operations in Kuwait and Iraq.

Cuba provided advanced weapons and demolition training to the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) in Perú. The Tupac Amaru attacked the U.S. Embassy in 1984; bombed the Texaco offices in 1985 and attacked the residence of the U.S. Ambassador in 1985 all in Lima, Perú.

1991-2001

ETA, a Spanish terrorist organization seeking a separate Basque homeland, established the Cuartel General (General Headquarters) in Havana.

A high-level PLO military delegation including the head of Intelligence paid a visit to Cuba.

On February 24, 1996, Cuban Air Force Migs shot down, in international waters, two small unarmed civilian planes belonging to Brothers to the Rescue, a Miami based group. All occupants were killed, including three American citizens.

The election of Abdelaziz Bouteflika (April 1999) as President of Algeria, opened new opportunities for Cuba, given Bouteflika's close relationship with the Cuban government for more than three decades.

PLO leaders continue to have close relations with the Cuban leadership, having access to specialized military and intelligence training, either in Cuba or Palestinian territory, and in the sharing of intelligence.

A spokesman for the Basque government in Spain met in Havana with two high level ETA terrorist taking refuge in Cuba, José Angel Urtiaga Martinez and Jesús Lucio Abrisqueta Corte.

Cuba continued to provide safe haven to several terrorists fugitives from the U.S. They include: Black Liberation Army leader Joanne Chesimard aka Assata Shakur, one of New Jersey's most wanted fugitives for killing a New Jersey State trooper in 1973 and Charlie Hill a member of the Republic of New Afrika Movement wanted for the hijacking of TWA 727 and the murder of a New Mexico State trooper

A number of Basque ETA terrorists who gained sanctuary in Cuba some years ago continued to live on the island, as did several Puerto Ricans members of the Machetero Group.

Castro refused to join the other Ibero-American heads of state in condemning ETA terrorism at the 2000 Ibero-American Summit in Panamá and slammed Mexico for its support of the Summit's statement against terrorism.

Castro continues to maintain ties to several state sponsors of terrorism in Latin America. Colombia's two largest terrorist organizations, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the National Liberation Army (ELN), both maintain a permanent presence on the island.

Colombian officials arrested IRA members Niall Connelly, Martin McCauley and James Monaghan and accused then of training the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). Connelly had been living in Cuba as the representative of the IRA for Latin America.

Former Defense Department counter-terrorism expert John More told UPI that Cubans, militant Palestinians, Hezbollah and even advisors from the leftist government of Venezuela are all active in Colombia.

During the trial of several Cuban spies in Miami, one of the accused Alejandro Alonso revealed on December 30, 2000 that he was instructed from Havana to locate areas in South Florida "where we can move persons as well as things, including arms and explosives."

Speaking at Tehran University in Iran on May 10, 2001 Fidel Castro vowed that "the imperialist king will finally fall".



Eugene Pons is the Coordinator of Cuba's Information System at the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, University of Miami.



Glossary
BPP - Black Panther Party - Founded in the United States in 1966 by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. It adopted Marxist-Leninist principles along with urban guerrilla warfare, and a structure similar to the American Communist party.

DGI - Directório General de Inteligencia - The Cuban Department in charge of collecting intelligence and carrying out covert operations outside Cuba.

DA - America Department - Centralized control over Cuban activities for supporting national liberation movements, responsible for planning and coordinating Cuba's secret guerrilla and terrorist camps, and propaganda apparatus.

DLN - National Liberation Directorate - Organization created in Cuba to support revolutionary groups throughout the world. Responsible for planning and coordinating Cuba's terrorist training camps in the island, covert movement of personnel and military supplies from Cuba, and propaganda apparatus.

EGP - Ejercito Guerrillero de los Pobres - A political-military Marxist-Leninist organization that followed Cuba and Vietnam as revolutionary models. This Guatemalan insurgent organization was trained in Cuba and was very active during the 1970s, seeking to depose the political and military structure of the country.

ELF - Eritrean Liberation Front - The most influential Eritrean organization fighting for secession from Ethiopia in the 1960s, actively supported by the Cuban and Syrian regime since 1965. Various internal divisions developed later on until the late 1970s, when a new front was built based on very different domestic and external alliances and, eventually led the Eritreans to victory. Cuba's support to Mengistu Haile Mariam's regime in 1978 meant the cessation of previous Cuban backing to the Eritrean cause.

ELN - National Liberation Army - Organized by the Castro regime, this Colombian Marxist insurgent group was founded in 1965. Its main terrorist activities includes kidnappings and extortion targeting foreign employees of large corporations.

ETA - Basque Separatist Movement - This organization was founded by militants and leftist students from the University of Madrid in 1962. They formed guerilla units that commit violent terrorist acts claiming that they are fighting for freedom of the Basque Region, in Spain. This group has close relations with the IRA. The two groups have offices in Havana and their members have found safe haven in Cuba.

FALN - Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional - A Venezuelan guerrilla organization trained by Cuba in violence and terrorism.

FARC - Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - Established in 1964, the FARC is the oldest and best-equipped Marxist insurgency in Colombia. It is a well-organized terrorist group that controls several rural and urban areas. It has received financial and military aid from Cuba and many of its members were trained in Havana. FATAH - Palestine National Liberation Movement - Founded in 1959 by younger generations of Palestinians that had experienced the defeats of 1948 and 1956. The FATAH are strongly committed to a radical nationalist platform to fight for Palestine and against Arab intervention and manipulations of the Palestinian problem. Mostly an underground organization until the June War in 1967 when it transformed itself into the most powerful and influential party inside Palestinian and Arab politics. FLN - Front de Libération National - The political and military organization that led the war of national liberation against French colonial rule between 1954 and 1962. Ruling political party until the 1980s in Algeria.

FMLN - Farabundo Martí National Front - Formed in 1970, the FMLN is a terrorist Marxist-Leninist organization intent on establishing a communist revolutionary regime in El Salvador. The FMLN was extremely active in its terrorist campaign, receiving assistance from Nicaragua and Cuba.

FSLN - Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional - This organization was founded in Havana in 1961 when Carlos Fonseca-Amador's Nicaraguan Patriotic Youth organization merged with Tomas Borge's Cuban-supported insurgent group. The group adopted Marxist-Leninist ideology and gained support from the Castro government, employing low-level guerrilla warfare and urban terrorism tactics to overthrow the Somoza dictatorship.

IRA - Irish Republican Army - The IRA is the most dangerous terrorist organization of Northern Ireland dating back to the early 1920s. Although, it wasn't until the 1970's when the IRA began terrorist actions and resurrected the historical conflicts. The IRA targets political transformation for United Ireland by eliminating Britain from Northern Ireland and replacing the government of Northern Ireland with a socialist government. Its Latin American headquarters are in Havana.

LASO - Latin American Solidarity Organization - A Cuban controlled organization founded during the 1966 Tri-Continental Conference in Havana to "coordinate and foment the fight against North American imperialism."

M-19 - Movimiento 19 de Abril - A Castro supported group formed in 1974 to disrupt Colombia's government through acts of terrorism and violence. The M-19 was very active throughout the 1980s receiving assistance and training from the Montoneros and Tupamaros groups and the Cuban government, causing Colombia to temporarily sever diplomatic relations with Cuba.

M-6-14 - Agrupación Politica Catorce de Junio - Dominican guerrilla organization trained in Cuba.

MACHETEROS - This terrorist organization is composed of four Puerto Rican groups: 1) the Macheteros, 2) the Ejercito Popular Borícua (EPB), 3) the Movimiento Popular Revolucionario, and 4) the Partido Revolucionario de Trabajadores Puertorriqueños. Most of the Macheteros have been trained in Cuba, were they have established relations with other terrorist groups. They are responsible for several terrorist acts within the United States and throughout Puerto Rico.

MIR - Movimiento de la Izquierda Revolucionaria - A Chilean insurgent organization founded in 1965 and supported by Castro. The MIR was very active in the mid-1970s when they promoted violence and occupied several rural areas in Chile. The group encountered several set backs during the 1980s that essentially ended their activity.

MONTONEROS - An Argentinean guerilla organization that was formed in 1968 as a Peronist urban anti-government group. It adopted a Marxist ideology in the mid-1970s after it united with the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Argentina. In 1977, many of its members were exiled and its numbers reduced to less than 300.

MRTA - Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement - Marxist-Leninist revolutionary organization formed in 1983 and supported by the Castro regime. The MRTA's intent was to establish a Marxist regime in Peru through terrorism, although Peru's counter terrorism program diminished the groups' ability to effectively carry out terrorist attacks.

NLF - National Front for the Liberation of South Yemen - Created in 1962 in the course of the revolution in North Yemen against the monarchy and supported by Nasser, the NLF is another important and successful branch of the Arab Nationalist Movement. Since 1965 it has had very close relations with Cuba. In 1966-1967, it broke with Nasser and finally forced the British to negotiate and evacuate Aden. OSPAAL - Organization for the Solidarity of the Peoples of Africa, Asia and Latin America - Founded in 1966 in Cuba at the Tri-Continental Conference, this organization aims to support the struggle of the people of Africa, Asia and Latin America against imperialism, colonialism and neo-colonialism. PLO - Palestine Liberation Organization - This organization was founded in Cairo in 1964 under the auspices of Egypt (then known as the United Arab Republic) to serve Nasser's manipulations of the Palestinian cause. The group was composed mostly of conservative Palestinian intellectuals and bureaucrats serving Arab governments. The PLO was an instrument of Nasser's foreign policy until the June War of 1967, when the old PLO leadership collapsed to be replaced by FATEH's leadership headed by Arafat. POLISARIO - People's Front for the Liberation of Western Sahara and Río del Oro - The Frente POLISARIO was inspired by the ANM tradition and the Algerian FLN and was created to fight against the Spanish-Morrocan-Mauritinian arrangements to split the former colony of Saguía el Hamra/Río del Oro (known as Western Sahara) between the two African states. This group enjoyed active support from Algeria and Libya and Cuba. POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINES - The most important branch of the Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM), created in the 1950s as radical followers of Nasser. After the June War of 1967, the group disassociated itself from Nasser and focused on building a more radical alternative within the Palestinians under the name of Popular Front. The group has strong alliances within Lebanon, Jordan, Yemen, and the Gulf, and was heavily engaged in terrorist activities during the 1970s. TRICONTINENTAL - Cuban publication disseminated by the Organization for the Solidarity of the Peoples of Africa, Asia and Latin America (OSPAAL) in four languages: Spanish, English, French, and Italian / promoting the Castro line of armed struggle.

TUPAMAROS or MNL - Movimiento Nacional de Liberación Tupamaros - This Uruguay insurgent group was organized in the early 1960s by law student Raul Sendic. The Tupamaros were one of the first terrorist groups to use guerrilla warfare in urban areas and established independent terrorist cells throughout the country.

WORLD MATHABA - A Libyan project from the late 1970s to promote political, financial, and military support for revolutionary movements throughout the world. Ghaddafi called on other "revolutionary governments" to support this project, which Cuba did. MATHABA was essentially a tool in the hands of the Libyans to project their individual goals and agenda. Financial and military assistance was never a collective decision, but responded for the most part to bilateral arrangements between Ghaddafi's regime and individual organizations, some of which resorted, at different stages, to terrorist methods like the IRA and ETA. Insurgencies in Central America, like the Sandinistas and others, were privileged beneficiaries along with the African National Congress, Frente POLISARIO, and others.

Select Bibliography
Alarcón Ramírez, Dariel, "Benigno", Memorias de un Soldado Cubano: Vida y muerte de la Revolución. Barcelona: TusQuets Editores, S.A. 1996.

Amuchastegui, Domingo, Cuba in the Middle East: A Brief Chronology. Coral Gables: Institute for Cuban & Cuban-American Studies, University of Miami, 1999.

CubaNet News, "Fidel Castro: comandante en jefe de ETA". December 1999. Cuba On-Line: An Online Database of Information. http://cuba.sis.miami.edu/, Coral Gables: Institute for Cuban & Cuban-American Studies, University of Miami, 2001.

Geyer, Georgia Anne, Guerrilla Prince: The Untold Story of Fidel Castro. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1991.

Horowitz, Irving Louis and Suchlike, Jaime eds., Cuban Communism. New Brunswick, Transaction Publishers, 2000.

Kline, Michael, "Castro's challenge to Latin American communism" in Suchlicki, Jaime, editor, Cuba, Castro, and Revolution. Coral Gables: University of Miami Press, 1972.

Kopilow, David J., Castro, Israel & The PLO. Miami: The Cuban-American National Foundation, 1984.

Kozak, Michael G., Cuba: A Threat to Peace and Security in Our Hemisphere. Department of State Bulletin, pp 75 - 78, November 1989.

Mallin Sr., Jay, History of the Cuban Armed Forces: From Colony to Castro. Virginia: Ancient Mariners Press, 2000.

Masetti, Jorge, El Furor y el Delirio: Itinerario de un hijo de la Revolución cubana. Barcelona: TusQuets Editores, S.A. 1999.

Miami Herald, The, "Witnesses link Castro, drugs." January 2000.

Mundo, El, "El portavoz del Gobierno vasco estuvo en Cuba con dos etarras en octubre de 1999." España; February 2000.

Pavlov, Yuri, Soviet-Cuban Alliance (1959-1991). New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1994.

Pérez Giménez, Alberto; "El Departamento América cubano." Diario ABC S.L.U., http://www.abc.es/archivo, August 2001.

Profaca, Mario, "Project for Excellence in Journalism in Washington, D.C.," http://mprofaca.cro.net/carlos.html#top.

Reitan, Ruth, The Rise and Decline of an Alliance: Cuba and African leaders in the 1960's. Ann Arbor: Michigan State University Press, 1999.

Ross, Enrique, Castro y las Guerrillas en Latinoamerica. Miami: Distribuidora Universal, 2001.

Sale, Richard, "Analysis: U.S. Policy Morphing in Colombia." United Press International, 2001.

Sheheri, Tami, "N.J. Governor Blasts Chesimard Letter." APBnews.com; http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a391adbb70910.htm, December 1998.

Terrorism Research Center, The, "Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA). Next Generation Terrorism Analysis." http://www.terrorism.com/terrorism/MRTA.shtml, 1996 - 2000. Times, The, "Arrested IRA man 'is Sinn Fein Cuba link'". British News, August 2001.

Washington Post Foreign Service, "Havana is Haven for Fugitive '70s Hijacker." August 1999.

- oOo -

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Cuba







CASTRO AND TERRORISM A CHRONOLOGY
by Eugene Pons, with a foreword by Jaime Suchlicki

Institute for Cuban & Cuban-American Studies Occasional Paper Series September 2001
"Iran and Cuba, in cooperation with each other, can bring America to its knees. The U.S. regime is very weak, and we are witnessing this weakness from close up."

Fidel Castro, during his tour of Iran, Syria and Libya. Agence France Press, May 10, 2001

OPS Advisory Board
Luis Aguilar León, Institute for Cuban & Cuban-American Studies
Graciella Cruz-Taura, Florida Atlantic University
José Manuel Hernández, Georgetown University (Emeritus)
Irving Louis Horowitz, Rutgers University
Antonio Jorge, Florida International University
Armando Lago, Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy
Lesbia Orta Varona, University of Miami
Jaime Suchlicki, Director Institute for Cuban & Cuban-American Studies

FOREWORD
Since 1948 when, as a young student, Fidel Castro participated in the violence that rocked Colombian society and distributed anti-U.S. propaganda, he has been guided by two objectives: a commitment to violence and a virulent anti-Americanism. His struggle since and his forty-two years rule in Cuba have been characterized primarily by these goals.

In the 1960's Castro and his brother, Raul, believed that the political and economic conditions that produced their revolution existed in Latin America and that anti-American revolutions would occur throughout the continent. Cuban agents and diplomats established contact with revolutionary, terrorist and guerrilla groups in the area and began distributing propaganda, weapons and aid. Many Latin Americans were brought to Cuba for training and then returned to their countries.

At the Tricontinental Conference held in Havana in 1966 and attended by revolutionary leaders from throughout the world, Castro insisted that bullets not ballots was the way to achieve power and provided the institutional means to promote his anti-American, violent line. He insisted that "conditions exist for an armed revolutionary struggle" and criticized those who opposed armed struggle, including some Communist leaders in Latin America, as "traitorous, rightists, and deviationists."

Castro's attempts in the 1960's to bring revolutionary, anti-American regimes to power failed. His support for guerrillas and terrorist groups in Guatemala, Venezuela, and Bolivia only produced violence and suffering to those countries and their people, which repudiated violence as a means to achieve power. Violence resulted in military regimes coming to power in several Latin American countries

For the next two decades, the Cuban leadership, supported by the Soviet Union, modified its tactics. In addition to agents from the America Department, the subversive arm of Cuba's Communist Party, Castro used his Armed Forces to help friendly groups achieve power in Latin America and Africa. In Nicaragua Cuban military personnel, weapons and intelligence supported and helped bring to power the Sandinistas. In El Salvador, a bloody civil war in part fomented and aided by Cuba, ended in a stalemate and a negotiated peace. In Africa, Castro achieved his most significant victories. The Soviet-Cuban backed Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) faction was installed in power in Angola and other Cuban supported regimes came to power throughout the continent. The Cuban military also trained and supplied the South-West African Peoples Organization (SWAPO) and the African National Congress (ANC), forces fighting the South African regime.

Castro also became involved with African-Americans in the U.S. and with the Macheteros, a Puerto Rican terrorist group. Cuba focused particular attention on the black struggle in the U.S., providing aid and training to the Black Panthers and the Black Liberation Army, as well as a safehaven on the island for black leaders. Castro continuously promoted the independence of Puerto Rico and supported the Macheteros who committed terrorist acts and bank robberies in the United States. Several still live in Cuba.

Cuban military and intelligence personnel aided Middle Eastern groups and regimes in their struggle against Israel, and Cuban troops fought on the side of Arab States, particularly Syria, during the Yom Kippur war. Castro sent military instructors and advisors into Palestinian bases; cooperated with Libya in the founding of World Mathaba, a terrorist movement; and established close military cooperation and exchanges with Iraq, Libya, Southern Yemen, the Polisario Front for the Liberation of Western Sahara, the PLO and others in the Middle East.

Despite the collapse of the Soviet Union, Castro continues to undermine U.S. policies in the Middle East in several ways: a) by portraying U.S. actions and diplomacy in the region as those of an aggressor, seeking to impose hegemony by force, particularly in Iraq and the perpetration of unjustified economic sanctions on Iraq and Iran; b) by portraying the U.S. as the main obstacle to a peaceful settlement of the Israel/Arab conflict; and c) by discrediting U.S. policies and seeking support for Cuba at the U.N. These anti-American views and policies are conveyed as a systematic message through a network of Cuban embassies and agents, as well as at the U.N. and other non-governmental political, religious and cultural organizations.

While not abandoning his close relationships in the Middle East, Castro has recently concentrated his support on several groups: the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC), where Castro, and his new ally Hugo Chavez of Venezuela, see significant possibilities for success; ETA, the Basque terrorist/separatist organization from Spain, which has found refuge and support in Cuba, and the Irish Republican Army (IRA), which established its Latin American headquarters in Havana.

American policymakers should pay careful attention to the intricate web of relationships which emerges so clearly from this chronology. It carefully details Castro's involvement with and support for terrorist regimes and organizations during the past four decades. Cuba's geographical location, Castro's continuous connections with these groups and states and the harboring of terrorists in Havana creates a dynamic that requires vigilance and alertness. It should be emphasized that in addition to violence and terrorism, Castro and his regime, have been for more than four decades, the most vocal and active proponents of anti-Americanism. The often-repeated view in many countries that the United States is an evil power, guilty for much of the problems and sufferings of the developing world, is owed in great part to the propaganda efforts of Fidel Castro.

Jaime Suchlicki Director Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies September 2001

Castro and Terrorism A Chronology By Eugene Pons
1959-1967

Raúl Castro and Che Guevara visited Cairo and established contacts with African liberation movements stationed in and supported by Cairo. Both Cuban leaders visited Gaza and expressed support for the Palestinian cause.

Members of the Dominican Republic "Agrupación Política Catorce de Junio" received military training in Cuba.

Major emphasis was placed on instructing several hundred pro-Castro Latin Americans in violence and guerrilla warfare. Dominicans, Guatemalans, Venezuelans and Chileans were trained in special camps in Cuba and infiltrated back to their countries.

Castro established relations with the Algerian FLN; official and public support was extended, weapons were shipped to the FLN through Morocco (1960-1961). Cuba provided shelter, medical and educational services and cooperation in the fields of counter-intelligence and intelligence.

African leaders from Congo, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, South Africa, Spanish Guinea, Tanganyika and Zanzibar arrived in Cuba for military training.

Che Guevara engaged in guerrilla operations in Congo-Kinshasa (former Zaire) in 1965.

A revolutionary trained in Cuba, John Okello, overthrew the pro-Western government in Zanzibar in 1964 and proclaimed the "People's Republic of Zanzibar" which was promptly recognized by Cuba and the Soviet Union.

Conference of Latin American Communist Parties held in Havana agreed to "help actively the guerrilla forces in Venezuela, Guatemala, Paraguay, Colombia, Honduras and Haiti".

Group of Venezuelans, members of the Movimiento de la Izquierda Revolucionaria (MIR), trained in Cuba and landed in the Venezuela coast in the State of Miranda.

Cuban trained Guatemalans Cesar Montes and Luis Turcios Lima led a violent terrorist/guerrilla campaign against the government in Guatemala. Montes organized the Ejercito Guerrillero de los Pobres (EGP) in Guatemala. In the 1980's he joined the FMLN in El Salvador and participated actively in the bloody civil war in that country.

Cuba welcomed the founding of the PLO. First contacts with Palestinian FATAH in 1965 in Algiers and Damascus.

The Tricontinental Conference was held in Havana in January, 1966 to adopt a common political strategy against colonialism, neocolonialism, and imperialism. Cuba provided the organizational structure to support terrorist, anti-American groups in the Middle East and Latin America. The Organization for the Solidarity with the Peoples of Africa, Asia and Latin America (OSPAAL) was created.

Fidel Castro created The National Liberation Directorate (DLN) in Cuba to support revolutionary groups throughout the world. DLN was responsible for planning and coordinating Cuba's terrorist training camps in the island, covert movement of personnel and military supplies from Cuba and a propaganda apparatus.

A Cuban controlled Latin American Solidarity Organization (LASO), with its permanent seat in Havana was created to "coordinate and foment the fight against North American imperialism".

In Venezuela, Castro made a relentless and determined effort to create another Cuba by supporting the Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional (FALN) and promoting violence and terrorism against the democratically elected regime of Rómulo Betancourt.

Castro sent weapons via Cairo, to the NLF in Southern Yemen. Cuban agents were sent on fact-finding missions to North and South Yemen (1967- 1968).

Cuba published a small book by French Marxist journalist Regis Debray Revolution in the Revolution, promoting guerrilla warfare in Latin America. The book was translated into various languages and distributed widely.

Cuban supported guerrillas led by Che Guevara moved into Bolivia in an attempt to create "many Vietnams " in South America.

Cuba and Syria developed a close alliance and supported FATAH and the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF).

1968-1975

Cuba continued its military and political support for FATAH after the Syrians broke with the latter, and Cuban military, political and intelligence support was granted to other Palestinian organizations.

Castro sent military instructors and advisors into Palestinian bases in Jordan to train Palestinian Fedayeen (1968); first high-level delegation from FATAH-PLO visited Cuba (1970).

Several missions sent to Southern Yemen to support NLF/FATAH Ismail both politically and militarily.

Castro began supporting and training of M19, a Colombian guerrilla group that captured the Dominican Embassy and the Justice building in Bogota and assassinated several prominent Colombian judges.

In 1970 a "Mini Manual for Revolutionaries" was published in the official LASO publication Tricontinental, written by Brazilian urban terrorist leader Carlos Marighella. The mini manual gives precise instruction in terror tactics, kidnappings, etc. The short book was translated into numerous languages and distributed worldwide by Cuba.

Cuba commenced political and military cooperation with Somalia's Siad Barre (1969).

Economic and political cooperation began with Libya in 1974.

In 1974 the National Liberation Directorate (DLN) was reorganized into the America Department (DA) under the Communist Party of Cuba Central Committee. The DA centralized control over Cuban activities for supporting national liberation movements. The DA was responsible for planning and coordinating Cuba's secret guerrilla and terrorist training camps, networks for the covert movement of personnel and material from Cuba, and a propaganda apparatus. DA agents also operated in Europe and other regions. Trusted Castro ally Manuel Piñeiro, " Barbaroja" was placed in charge.

Cuba provided training and support to the Tupamaros, a terrorist group operating in Uruguay.

Cuba's America Department (DA) set up a network for the funneling of weapons and supplies to the Sandinistas in Nicaragua.

In 1979 second in command in Cuba's America Department (DA) Armando Ulises Estrada, helped unify Sandinista factions fighting Somoza.

Closer connections with FATAH-PLO and other Palestinian organizations were reinforced, including training of Latin American guerrillas in Lebanon; Cuba's military support included counter-intelligence and intelligence training.

Arafat visited Cuba in 1974.

Cuba provided military support and personnel to Syria during the Yom Kippur War (1973-1975).

Black Panther Party members from the U.S. were trained in Canada by Cuban personnel. Black Panther leaders and other U.S. blacks also received weapons and explosives training in Havana.

Cuba joined with Algeria and Libya on a diplomatic/political offensive in support of Frente POLISARIO (People's Front for the Liberation of Western Sahara and Río del Oro); later on provided military cooperation, and medical services.

1976-1982

The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) estimated that there were 300 Palestinians training in Cuban camps.

Cuba supported the so-called "Steadfastness Front" against the U.S. backed Camp David accord.

Illich Rámirez Sánchez, known as "Carlos, the Jackal", responsible for numerous terrorist acts in Europe, trained in Cuba. He attended the 1966 Tricontinental Conference in Havana and later trained in urban guerrilla tactics, automatic weapons, explosives and sabotage in Cuba.

Abu Iyad, a close aid to Yasser Arafat, stated in 1978 that hundreds of Palestinian had been sent to Cuban terrorist camps.

Additional military and political support provided to the Palestinian cause; Arafat attended the Sixth Non-Aligned Conference in Havana (1979).

During Havana visit, Arafat signed agreement for military cooperation and arms supply.

Significant hard currency loans (tens of million) were facilitated by Arafat-PLO to the Cuban government under very soft terms; Cuba granted diplomatic and political support to Arafat during the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon.

The Aden (South Yemen) regime supported the Ethiopian radical officers commanded by Mengistu Haile Mariam, sending Yemeni military units in support of the latter against Somali aggression, and asking the Cubans to do the same. Cuba joined in, first with a group of officers headed by General Arnaldo Ochoa, a move that was followed later on by the deployment of large Cuban forces against the Somali invasion. Also as part of the alliance with the Aden regime, Cuba granted some small-scale support to the Dhofaris in their armed struggle against the monarchy in Oman.

The Cuban trained Congolese National Liberation Front invaded Shala, Zaire.

As part of Cuba's alliance with Mengistu Haile Mariam's regime in Ethiopia, the Cuban leadership decided to engage in active political and military support of the Liberation Movement of Southern Sudan headed by John Garang against the Arab-Muslim regime in Khartoum.

Cuba developed closer ties with and sent military advisors to Iraq.

Cuba's America Department (DA) operated a weapons pipeline to the Farabundo Martí National Front (FMLN) a terrorist group attempting to gain power in El Salvador.

Cuba cooperated with Libya in the political founding of the World MATHABA in Tripoli, to provide political support and coordinate revolutionary violence throughout the world. Cuba supported Libya's stand on Chad and the FRENTE POLISARIO.

Cuban trained terrorists members of the Guatemalan EGP kidnapped a businessman in Guatemala. Several were arrested in Mexico when attempting to collect ransom.

Despite its close links with Baghdad, Cuba recognized and praised the Iranian Revolution. Once Iraq attacked Iran, Castro withdrew his military advisors from Baghdad and adopted a position of official impartiality, though more sympathetic to Baghdad, due to his past relations.

1983-1990

Argentine born Cuban intelligence agent Jorge Massetti helped funnel Cuban funds to finance Puerto Rican terrorists belonging to the Machetero group. The Macheteros highjacked a Wells Fargo truck in Connecticut in September 1983 and stole $7.2 million.

Cuba's America Department (DA) provided, thru Jorge Massetti, weapons and several thousand dollars to the Chilean MIR.

Libyan support to Latin American revolutionary movements, especially in Central America and the whole of the World MATHABA project, declined after the U.S.bombing of Tripoli in 1986.

Cuban agents in Mexico engaged in bank robberies to finance several terrorist groups from Latin America operating out of Mexico.

The Palestinian Intifada increased Cuba's support for Arafat and the PLO, both diplomatic and military.

Several dozen Mexicans received training in terrorism and guerrilla warfare in Sierra del Rosario, Pinar del Rio Province and in Guanabo, in eastern Cuba.

After the negotiations leading to the establishment of the Palestinian National Authority, Cuban-Palestinian military cooperation was enhanced, including the areas of counter-intelligence and intelligence.

In early 1989, Cuban General Patricio de la Guardia directed a plot in Havana and charged Jorge Massetti with blowing up the U.S. transmission balloon of TV Martí located in the Florida Keys.

Cuba condemned Iraq for its invasion and annexation of Kuwait, supporting the latter's sovereignty; it also condemned U.S. military operations in the Gulf and abstained at the U.N. from supporting the bulk of the sanctions imposed on Baghdad. A Cuban military delegation was sent to Iraq to learn and share what was considered vital information and experiences from U.S. combat operations in Kuwait and Iraq.

Cuba provided advanced weapons and demolition training to the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) in Perú. The Tupac Amaru attacked the U.S. Embassy in 1984; bombed the Texaco offices in 1985 and attacked the residence of the U.S. Ambassador in 1985 all in Lima, Perú.

1991-2001

ETA, a Spanish terrorist organization seeking a separate Basque homeland, established the Cuartel General (General Headquarters) in Havana.

A high-level PLO military delegation including the head of Intelligence paid a visit to Cuba.

On February 24, 1996, Cuban Air Force Migs shot down, in international waters, two small unarmed civilian planes belonging to Brothers to the Rescue, a Miami based group. All occupants were killed, including three American citizens.

The election of Abdelaziz Bouteflika (April 1999) as President of Algeria, opened new opportunities for Cuba, given Bouteflika's close relationship with the Cuban government for more than three decades.

PLO leaders continue to have close relations with the Cuban leadership, having access to specialized military and intelligence training, either in Cuba or Palestinian territory, and in the sharing of intelligence.

A spokesman for the Basque government in Spain met in Havana with two high level ETA terrorist taking refuge in Cuba, José Angel Urtiaga Martinez and Jesús Lucio Abrisqueta Corte.

Cuba continued to provide safe haven to several terrorists fugitives from the U.S. They include: Black Liberation Army leader Joanne Chesimard aka Assata Shakur, one of New Jersey's most wanted fugitives for killing a New Jersey State trooper in 1973 and Charlie Hill a member of the Republic of New Afrika Movement wanted for the hijacking of TWA 727 and the murder of a New Mexico State trooper

A number of Basque ETA terrorists who gained sanctuary in Cuba some years ago continued to live on the island, as did several Puerto Ricans members of the Machetero Group.

Castro refused to join the other Ibero-American heads of state in condemning ETA terrorism at the 2000 Ibero-American Summit in Panamá and slammed Mexico for its support of the Summit's statement against terrorism.

Castro continues to maintain ties to several state sponsors of terrorism in Latin America. Colombia's two largest terrorist organizations, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the National Liberation Army (ELN), both maintain a permanent presence on the island.

Colombian officials arrested IRA members Niall Connelly, Martin McCauley and James Monaghan and accused then of training the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). Connelly had been living in Cuba as the representative of the IRA for Latin America.

Former Defense Department counter-terrorism expert John More told UPI that Cubans, militant Palestinians, Hezbollah and even advisors from the leftist government of Venezuela are all active in Colombia.

During the trial of several Cuban spies in Miami, one of the accused Alejandro Alonso revealed on December 30, 2000 that he was instructed from Havana to locate areas in South Florida "where we can move persons as well as things, including arms and explosives."

Speaking at Tehran University in Iran on May 10, 2001 Fidel Castro vowed that "the imperialist king will finally fall".



Eugene Pons is the Coordinator of Cuba's Information System at the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, University of Miami.



Glossary
BPP - Black Panther Party - Founded in the United States in 1966 by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. It adopted Marxist-Leninist principles along with urban guerrilla warfare, and a structure similar to the American Communist party.

DGI - Directório General de Inteligencia - The Cuban Department in charge of collecting intelligence and carrying out covert operations outside Cuba.

DA - America Department - Centralized control over Cuban activities for supporting national liberation movements, responsible for planning and coordinating Cuba's secret guerrilla and terrorist camps, and propaganda apparatus.

DLN - National Liberation Directorate - Organization created in Cuba to support revolutionary groups throughout the world. Responsible for planning and coordinating Cuba's terrorist training camps in the island, covert movement of personnel and military supplies from Cuba, and propaganda apparatus.

EGP - Ejercito Guerrillero de los Pobres - A political-military Marxist-Leninist organization that followed Cuba and Vietnam as revolutionary models. This Guatemalan insurgent organization was trained in Cuba and was very active during the 1970s, seeking to depose the political and military structure of the country.

ELF - Eritrean Liberation Front - The most influential Eritrean organization fighting for secession from Ethiopia in the 1960s, actively supported by the Cuban and Syrian regime since 1965. Various internal divisions developed later on until the late 1970s, when a new front was built based on very different domestic and external alliances and, eventually led the Eritreans to victory. Cuba's support to Mengistu Haile Mariam's regime in 1978 meant the cessation of previous Cuban backing to the Eritrean cause.

ELN - National Liberation Army - Organized by the Castro regime, this Colombian Marxist insurgent group was founded in 1965. Its main terrorist activities includes kidnappings and extortion targeting foreign employees of large corporations.

ETA - Basque Separatist Movement - This organization was founded by militants and leftist students from the University of Madrid in 1962. They formed guerilla units that commit violent terrorist acts claiming that they are fighting for freedom of the Basque Region, in Spain. This group has close relations with the IRA. The two groups have offices in Havana and their members have found safe haven in Cuba.

FALN - Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional - A Venezuelan guerrilla organization trained by Cuba in violence and terrorism.

FARC - Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - Established in 1964, the FARC is the oldest and best-equipped Marxist insurgency in Colombia. It is a well-organized terrorist group that controls several rural and urban areas. It has received financial and military aid from Cuba and many of its members were trained in Havana. FATAH - Palestine National Liberation Movement - Founded in 1959 by younger generations of Palestinians that had experienced the defeats of 1948 and 1956. The FATAH are strongly committed to a radical nationalist platform to fight for Palestine and against Arab intervention and manipulations of the Palestinian problem. Mostly an underground organization until the June War in 1967 when it transformed itself into the most powerful and influential party inside Palestinian and Arab politics. FLN - Front de Libération National - The political and military organization that led the war of national liberation against French colonial rule between 1954 and 1962. Ruling political party until the 1980s in Algeria.

FMLN - Farabundo Martí National Front - Formed in 1970, the FMLN is a terrorist Marxist-Leninist organization intent on establishing a communist revolutionary regime in El Salvador. The FMLN was extremely active in its terrorist campaign, receiving assistance from Nicaragua and Cuba.

FSLN - Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional - This organization was founded in Havana in 1961 when Carlos Fonseca-Amador's Nicaraguan Patriotic Youth organization merged with Tomas Borge's Cuban-supported insurgent group. The group adopted Marxist-Leninist ideology and gained support from the Castro government, employing low-level guerrilla warfare and urban terrorism tactics to overthrow the Somoza dictatorship.

IRA - Irish Republican Army - The IRA is the most dangerous terrorist organization of Northern Ireland dating back to the early 1920s. Although, it wasn't until the 1970's when the IRA began terrorist actions and resurrected the historical conflicts. The IRA targets political transformation for United Ireland by eliminating Britain from Northern Ireland and replacing the government of Northern Ireland with a socialist government. Its Latin American headquarters are in Havana.

LASO - Latin American Solidarity Organization - A Cuban controlled organization founded during the 1966 Tri-Continental Conference in Havana to "coordinate and foment the fight against North American imperialism."

M-19 - Movimiento 19 de Abril - A Castro supported group formed in 1974 to disrupt Colombia's government through acts of terrorism and violence. The M-19 was very active throughout the 1980s receiving assistance and training from the Montoneros and Tupamaros groups and the Cuban government, causing Colombia to temporarily sever diplomatic relations with Cuba.

M-6-14 - Agrupación Politica Catorce de Junio - Dominican guerrilla organization trained in Cuba.

MACHETEROS - This terrorist organization is composed of four Puerto Rican groups: 1) the Macheteros, 2) the Ejercito Popular Borícua (EPB), 3) the Movimiento Popular Revolucionario, and 4) the Partido Revolucionario de Trabajadores Puertorriqueños. Most of the Macheteros have been trained in Cuba, were they have established relations with other terrorist groups. They are responsible for several terrorist acts within the United States and throughout Puerto Rico.

MIR - Movimiento de la Izquierda Revolucionaria - A Chilean insurgent organization founded in 1965 and supported by Castro. The MIR was very active in the mid-1970s when they promoted violence and occupied several rural areas in Chile. The group encountered several set backs during the 1980s that essentially ended their activity.

MONTONEROS - An Argentinean guerilla organization that was formed in 1968 as a Peronist urban anti-government group. It adopted a Marxist ideology in the mid-1970s after it united with the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Argentina. In 1977, many of its members were exiled and its numbers reduced to less than 300.

MRTA - Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement - Marxist-Leninist revolutionary organization formed in 1983 and supported by the Castro regime. The MRTA's intent was to establish a Marxist regime in Peru through terrorism, although Peru's counter terrorism program diminished the groups' ability to effectively carry out terrorist attacks.

NLF - National Front for the Liberation of South Yemen - Created in 1962 in the course of the revolution in North Yemen against the monarchy and supported by Nasser, the NLF is another important and successful branch of the Arab Nationalist Movement. Since 1965 it has had very close relations with Cuba. In 1966-1967, it broke with Nasser and finally forced the British to negotiate and evacuate Aden. OSPAAL - Organization for the Solidarity of the Peoples of Africa, Asia and Latin America - Founded in 1966 in Cuba at the Tri-Continental Conference, this organization aims to support the struggle of the people of Africa, Asia and Latin America against imperialism, colonialism and neo-colonialism. PLO - Palestine Liberation Organization - This organization was founded in Cairo in 1964 under the auspices of Egypt (then known as the United Arab Republic) to serve Nasser's manipulations of the Palestinian cause. The group was composed mostly of conservative Palestinian intellectuals and bureaucrats serving Arab governments. The PLO was an instrument of Nasser's foreign policy until the June War of 1967, when the old PLO leadership collapsed to be replaced by FATEH's leadership headed by Arafat. POLISARIO - People's Front for the Liberation of Western Sahara and Río del Oro - The Frente POLISARIO was inspired by the ANM tradition and the Algerian FLN and was created to fight against the Spanish-Morrocan-Mauritinian arrangements to split the former colony of Saguía el Hamra/Río del Oro (known as Western Sahara) between the two African states. This group enjoyed active support from Algeria and Libya and Cuba. POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINES - The most important branch of the Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM), created in the 1950s as radical followers of Nasser. After the June War of 1967, the group disassociated itself from Nasser and focused on building a more radical alternative within the Palestinians under the name of Popular Front. The group has strong alliances within Lebanon, Jordan, Yemen, and the Gulf, and was heavily engaged in terrorist activities during the 1970s. TRICONTINENTAL - Cuban publication disseminated by the Organization for the Solidarity of the Peoples of Africa, Asia and Latin America (OSPAAL) in four languages: Spanish, English, French, and Italian / promoting the Castro line of armed struggle.

TUPAMAROS or MNL - Movimiento Nacional de Liberación Tupamaros - This Uruguay insurgent group was organized in the early 1960s by law student Raul Sendic. The Tupamaros were one of the first terrorist groups to use guerrilla warfare in urban areas and established independent terrorist cells throughout the country.

WORLD MATHABA - A Libyan project from the late 1970s to promote political, financial, and military support for revolutionary movements throughout the world. Ghaddafi called on other "revolutionary governments" to support this project, which Cuba did. MATHABA was essentially a tool in the hands of the Libyans to project their individual goals and agenda. Financial and military assistance was never a collective decision, but responded for the most part to bilateral arrangements between Ghaddafi's regime and individual organizations, some of which resorted, at different stages, to terrorist methods like the IRA and ETA. Insurgencies in Central America, like the Sandinistas and others, were privileged beneficiaries along with the African National Congress, Frente POLISARIO, and others.

Select Bibliography
Alarcón Ramírez, Dariel, "Benigno", Memorias de un Soldado Cubano: Vida y muerte de la Revolución. Barcelona: TusQuets Editores, S.A. 1996.

Amuchastegui, Domingo, Cuba in the Middle East: A Brief Chronology. Coral Gables: Institute for Cuban & Cuban-American Studies, University of Miami, 1999.

CubaNet News, "Fidel Castro: comandante en jefe de ETA". December 1999. Cuba On-Line: An Online Database of Information. http://cuba.sis.miami.edu/, Coral Gables: Institute for Cuban & Cuban-American Studies, University of Miami, 2001.

Geyer, Georgia Anne, Guerrilla Prince: The Untold Story of Fidel Castro. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1991.

Horowitz, Irving Louis and Suchlike, Jaime eds., Cuban Communism. New Brunswick, Transaction Publishers, 2000.

Kline, Michael, "Castro's challenge to Latin American communism" in Suchlicki, Jaime, editor, Cuba, Castro, and Revolution. Coral Gables: University of Miami Press, 1972.

Kopilow, David J., Castro, Israel & The PLO. Miami: The Cuban-American National Foundation, 1984.

Kozak, Michael G., Cuba: A Threat to Peace and Security in Our Hemisphere. Department of State Bulletin, pp 75 - 78, November 1989.

Mallin Sr., Jay, History of the Cuban Armed Forces: From Colony to Castro. Virginia: Ancient Mariners Press, 2000.

Masetti, Jorge, El Furor y el Delirio: Itinerario de un hijo de la Revolución cubana. Barcelona: TusQuets Editores, S.A. 1999.

Miami Herald, The, "Witnesses link Castro, drugs." January 2000.

Mundo, El, "El portavoz del Gobierno vasco estuvo en Cuba con dos etarras en octubre de 1999." España; February 2000.

Pavlov, Yuri, Soviet-Cuban Alliance (1959-1991). New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1994.

Pérez Giménez, Alberto; "El Departamento América cubano." Diario ABC S.L.U., http://www.abc.es/archivo, August 2001.

Profaca, Mario, "Project for Excellence in Journalism in Washington, D.C.," http://mprofaca.cro.net/carlos.html#top.

Reitan, Ruth, The Rise and Decline of an Alliance: Cuba and African leaders in the 1960's. Ann Arbor: Michigan State University Press, 1999.

Ross, Enrique, Castro y las Guerrillas en Latinoamerica. Miami: Distribuidora Universal, 2001.

Sale, Richard, "Analysis: U.S. Policy Morphing in Colombia." United Press International, 2001.

Sheheri, Tami, "N.J. Governor Blasts Chesimard Letter." APBnews.com; http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a391adbb70910.htm, December 1998.

Terrorism Research Center, The, "Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA). Next Generation Terrorism Analysis." http://www.terrorism.com/terrorism/MRTA.shtml, 1996 - 2000. Times, The, "Arrested IRA man 'is Sinn Fein Cuba link'". British News, August 2001.

Washington Post Foreign Service, "Havana is Haven for Fugitive '70s Hijacker." August 1999.

- oOo -

The Institute for Cuban & Cuban- American Studies
The Institute for Cuban & Cuban-American Studies (ICCAS) is part of the School of International Studies at the University of Miami. ICCAS serves as an academic center for the research and study of Cuban, Cuban-American and U.S.-Cuban topics. It helps determine and direct the research agenda in Cuban Studies at the University of Miami and in the broader world of scholarship through academic programs, publications, and the sponsoring of original research on specific topics. ICCAS offers courses on Cuban history and culture and acquires or encourages the acquisition of relevant books, documents, collections, and other materials for the Cuban Heritage Collection at the University of Miami Otto G. Richter Library. It also serves as an educational link between the university, the exile community, and the South Florida community at-large. For information please call (305) 284-CUBA (2822); Fax (305) 284-4875; Email to ***@miami.edu <mailto:***@miami.edu> Address - Institute for Cuban & Cuban-American Studies School of International Studies P.O. Box 248174 Coral Gables, FL 33124-3010



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The Institute publishes between 6-12 works per year as part of its Occasional Paper Series. A broad range of topics is covered by the series, from the social sciences to the humanities to more policy-oriented works on current events. An annual subscription is $50. Back issues are available for $10 per copy.

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Irving Louis Horowitz, "Searching for the Soul of American Foreign Policy: The Cuban Embargo and the National Interest." (September 2000).

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